{"id":1400,"date":"2015-03-09T09:00:32","date_gmt":"2015-03-09T09:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/news\/?p=1400"},"modified":"2018-05-09T11:28:49","modified_gmt":"2018-05-09T11:28:49","slug":"additional-leap-second-june-will-cause-problems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/news\/additional-leap-second-june-will-cause-problems\/","title":{"rendered":"Additional Leap Second in June: Will it Cause Problems?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><em>The Paris Observatory has announced an additional leap second will be added to clocks in June 2015. What does this mean for businesses? Galleon Systems examines.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><!--more--><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">According to the Paris Observatory, an extra leap second is required this summer so that atomic time can synchronise with the Earth\u2019s rotation, which is gradually slowing down. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Software companies in particular are now preparing themselves for glitches following the announcement.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1401\" aria-describedby=\"figcaption_attachment_1401\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" style=\"width: 300px\"><a style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/paris-observatory.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" itemprop=\"contentURL\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1401\" src=\"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/paris-observatory-300x250.jpg\" alt=\"Leap Second\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/paris-observatory-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/paris-observatory.jpg 386w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_1401\" class=\"wp-caption-text\" itemprop=\"description\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>The Paris Observatory, France.<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>From June 30<sup>th<\/sup>, dials will show 11:59:60 as clocks pause for a second, this means that on that day there will be 86,401 seconds rather than 86,400, giving the Earth\u2019s rotation a chance to catch up with atomic time.<\/p>\n<p>While atomic time is constant, the Earth\u2019s rotation is experiencing a slow-down in speed, currently two thousandths of a second per day, according to a report published in the <strong><a style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/science\/science-news\/11327571\/Leap-second-French-time-lords-add-one-second-to-2015.html\">Telegraph<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>International Earth Rotation Service<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Responsibility for monitoring the Earth\u2019s rotation, for the purpose of fine-tuning time, lies with the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) located in France. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">It\u2019s closely monitored because some years the Earth\u2019s rotation matches time and no changes are required.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">However, the IERS has spotted a slight slow-down in rotation recently, hence the need for an additional leap second.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">NASA asserts that millions of years ago, roughly around the time of the dinosaurs, Earth completed a rotation in 23 hours. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">By 1820, a rotation took exactly 24 hours and this has since increased by 2.5 milliseconds year-on-year.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>The need for leap seconds<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Leap seconds are required to measure two sources of time \u2013 one which uses the vibration of atoms, which is known as <strong>Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)<\/strong> and one which uses the Earth\u2019s rotational spin <strong>(UT<sub>1<\/sub>).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The rotational average of the Earth was utilised to track time until use of the atomic clock was implemented in 1970, supplying a much more accurate measure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">A day based on Earth\u2019s rotation actually lasts a fraction longer compared with the atomic clock\u2019s measurement. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The IERS calls for leap seconds to be added to keep the difference between the two time measurements within 0.9 seconds of each other.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The US Naval Observatory commented: \u201cWe can easily alter the time of an atomic clock, but it\u2019s obviously impossible to adjust the Earth\u2019s rotational speed to match the atomic clock.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Problems for businesses<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The last time a leap second was added, in 2012, Foursquare, LinkedIn, Mozilla, Reddit, StumbleUpon and Yelp all reported seismic crashes. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">There were also issues with the Linux operating system and programmes written in Java.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The bigger issue is that the majority of computer systems rely on Network Time Protocol (NTP) and <strong><a style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/network-time-servers\/\">Network Time Servers<\/a><\/strong> to maintain accurate time, using the world\u2019s atomic clocks. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">However, the majority of systems and devices are not programmed to manage an unexpected extra second.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>A history of leap seconds<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">In 1972, the first leap second was added to clocks and this will be the 26<sup>th<\/sup> addition. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">This means the rotation of the Earth has slowed by 26 seconds when compared with the time measurement of atomic clocks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Between 1972 and 1979, at least one second was added for every year. Across the 1980s, six additional leap seconds occurred. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">However, since 1999 just four leap seconds have been added, with the US Naval Observatory stating that \u2018they are becoming rarer.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Abolishing the leap second<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The US is in favour of eliminating leap seconds, deeming them to be too disruptive to precision systems used for navigational and communicational purposes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">During a conference in Geneva in 2012, US delegates argued that \u2018precision timed monetary transactions could go wrong and vehicles could be led astray by tens of metres if time measurement is inaccurate by a second.\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Britain on the other hand rejects the idea of abolishing leap seconds, claiming that it would \u2018sabotage the link between our concept of time and the rising and the setting of the Sun.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">It would also signify the end of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which is measured by the time at which the Sun crosses the Greenwich Meridian. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">GMT became the standard time measurement in the UK in 1847.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Abolition being considered<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">In a statement from the Curator of Horology at the Royal Observatory Greenwich, Roy McEvoy, he said: \u201cSince ancient times the Earth\u2019s rotational spin has supplied us with our timescale. It gives us the most basic unit of time, the \u2018solar day\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">During the early 20<sup>th<\/sup> century, GMT was distributed via radio signals. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The clocks connected to radio transmitters were constantly checked and altered, when required, according to astronomical determination of time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">This method did not require leap seconds. Not until the SI second was redefined in 1967 did leap seconds become an issue, because time was now based on atomic timekeeping.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">At this stage it was decided that Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) should correlate with the Earth\u2019s rotational spin. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">In 1972 the first leap second occurred, applied to UTC, to correct the discrepancy between the two.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">While the Earth\u2019s rotation has a propensity to slow down \u2013 predominantly impacted by the relationship between Earth and the Moon \u2013 it can also speed up. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Therefore, it\u2019s possible that a negative leap second could be added to UTC.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The fact is though, the abolition of the leap second is being given serious consideration and, with close to 12 years of discussion, it\u2019s likely that a decision will be made this year.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>How do NTP servers deal with leap seconds?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><a style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/ntp-servers\/\">NTP servers<\/a> can implement leap seconds by repeating the final second of the day. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><a style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/ntp-servers\/gps-ntp-servers.html\">GPS NTP Servers<\/a><\/strong> in particular are extremely useful for avoiding leap second disruption. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">By utilising GPS time, system administrators can make their own provisions to adjust for leap seconds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">This prevents administrators being caught off-guard by automatic adjustments to UTC time sources, over which they have no control.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The ntpd process on Linux should be able to pre-empt leap seconds, preparing devices on the network 24 hours prior to changes. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Additionally, some devices will make minor adjustments during the day, giving the appearance that 60 seconds has elapsed. Other devices will simply alter the time by a second once a leap second occurs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Get a GPS Time Server\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000\">For a personalised, GPS NTP time server price, contact Galleon Systems today and speak to an accurate time lord \u2013 Call 0121 608 7230.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\">Connect with Galleon Systems<\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000\">Network &amp; connect with other like-minded industry experts via our social media channels. Join the conversation now via\u2026<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/social-banner-new.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1391\" src=\"https:\/\/www.galsys.co.uk\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/social-banner-new.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"248\" height=\"62\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Paris Observatory has announced an additional leap second will be added to clocks in June 2015. What does this mean for businesses? Galleon Systems examines.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":1401,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,12,13],"tags":[172,93,171,207,173,175,112,99,138,159,68,29,174,33],"class_list":["post-1400","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-atomic-clocks","category-time-server","category-time-synchronisation","tag-coordinated-universal-time","tag-gmt","tag-gps-ntp-servers","tag-gps-time-server","tag-greenwich-mean-time","tag-international-earth-rotation-service","tag-leap-second","tag-leap-seconds","tag-network-time-protocol","tag-network-time-servers","tag-ntp","tag-ntp-servers","tag-us-naval-observatory","tag-utc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Additional Leap Second in June: Will it Cause Problems?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Additional leap second will be added to clocks in June 2015. 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What does this mean for businesses? 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